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Are they abundant, deficient or perfect?

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Abundant numbers are numbers which are less than their proper divisor sum. For example $18$ is abundant as $1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 9 = 21 > 18$

Deficient numbers are numbers which are greater than their proper divisor sum. For example, $15$ is deficient as $1 + 3 + 5 = 9 < 15$

Perfect numbers are numbers wich are equal to their proper divisor sum. For example, $6$ is perfect as $1 + 2 + 3 = 6$.

You should take a positive integer $x \ge 12$ and output three lists. The lists should contain, in any order, the abundant numbers less than or equal to $x$, the deficient numbers less than or equal to $x$ and the perfect numbers less than or equal to $x$.

For example, if $x = 15$, the output could look like

[[12], [6], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15]]

This is code golf, so the shortest code in bytes wins

Test cases

49 -> [[12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48], [6, 28], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49]]
32 -> [[12, 18, 20, 24, 30], [6, 28], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32]]
16 -> [[12], [6], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16]]
29 -> [[12, 18, 20, 24], [6, 28], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29]]
23 -> [[12, 18, 20], [6], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23]]
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8 answers

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APL (Dyalog Unicode), 21 bytes

{×⍵-+/∪⍵∨¯1↓⍳⍵}¨∘⍳⊢⌸⍳

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Returns a matrix (padded with zeroes) where the first row is deficient numbers, the second is perfect numbers, and the third is abundant numbers.

{×⍵-+/∪⍵∨¯1↓⍳⍵}¨∘⍳⊢⌸⍳
                  ⍳    ⍝ Make a range [1, input]
                ¨     ⍝ For every ⍵ in that range
             ⍳⍵       ⍝ Make a range [1, ⍵]
          ¯1↓         ⍝ Drop the last number (⍵)
       ⍵∨            ⍝ GCD all numbers in that range with ⍵
      ∪               ⍝ The previous step gave proper divisors, this removes duplicates
    +/                ⍝ Sum proper divisors
  ⍵-                  ⍝ Subtract from ⍵
 ×                    ⍝ Get the sign
                     ⍳ ⍝ Make another range [1, input]
                   ⌸  ⍝ Group by the signs of the differences we got earlier
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Husk, 10 bytes

kSo±-ȯΣhḊḣ

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keyon is very nice here, but it's still a bit too long, sadly.

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+4
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Vyxal o, 16 bytes

'∆K=;,'∆K<;,'∆K>

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Checks all numbers to see if they are perfect, then prints the ones that are, then does the same for abundant and deficient numbers.

Explanation:

                  # Implicit input 'n'
'   ;,            # Print any numbers in [1..n] for which the following is true:
 ∆K=              #   The number = the sum of its proper divisors
      '   ;,      # Print any numbers in [1..n] for which the following is true:
       ∆K<        #   The number < the sum of its proper divisors
            '     # Push a list of numbers in [1..n] for which the following is true:
             ∆K>  #   The number > the sum of its proper divisors
                  # 'o' flag - Implicit output regardless of having printed
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Vyxal, 30 28 25 bytes

Saved 1 4 bytes thanks to Aaron Miller

ƛ∆K-±";£kɽƛ¥D„£_'t¥=;vṪ,£

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A rather pitiful answer, but hey, it works. Gives deficient numbers, then perfect numbers, then abundant numbers.

ƛD∆K-±$";£
ƛ       ;  #For every number in the range [1,n]
 D         #Triplicate it
  ∆K       #Sum its proper divisors
    -      #Subtract the original number from that
     ±     #Get the sign of that (-1, 0, or 1)
      $"   #Make a 2-element list [sign, orig_num]
           #Sort it
         £ #Store it in the register

For an input of 12, this gives ⟨⟨1|1⟩|⟨1|2⟩|⟨1|3⟩|⟨1|4⟩|⟨1|5⟩|⟨0|6⟩|⟨1|7⟩|⟨1|8⟩|⟨1|9⟩|⟨1|10⟩|⟨1|11⟩|⟨-1|12⟩⟩ (0 means perfect, -1 means deficient, 1 means abundant). The explanation's old.

kɽƛ¥D„£_'h¥=;ƛḢ;,£
kɽ                 #Push [-1, 0, 1]
  ƛ                #For every number in that range
   ¥D              #Make three copies of the register (the list above)
     „             #Rotate stack so -1, 0, or 1 is on top
      £_           #Store to register temporarily
        '   ;      #Filter the list from above
         h         #Take the head of each
          ¥=       #Keep if it equals the current element from [-1,0,1]
             ƛḢ;   #Drop the sign from each
                ,  #Print this list of numbers
                 £ #Store original list to register again
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Jelly, 6 bytes

_ÆṣṠ)Ġ

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In order of abundant, perfect, deficient.

_ÆṣṠ)Ġ  Main Link
    )   For each from 1 to N
_       Subtract
 Æṣ     The proper divisor sum
   Ṡ    Sign of the difference
     Ġ  Group equal elements' indices
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BQN, 21 bytesSBCS

(¬·×-+´·/0=↕⊸|)¨⊸⊔1+↕

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Mostly one big train used to find the appropriate group for each number, to be used with Group (). The combining functions in a train normally have two arguments, but Nothing (·) can be used on the left to not pass a left argument. See also Indices (/), and note that Modulus (|) is backwards relative to C-like %.

(¬·×-+´·/0=↕⊸|)¨⊸⊔1+↕
                  1+↕  # One plus range: 1…𝕩
(             )¨       # On each of these (n):
           ↕           #   Range 0…n-1
            ⊸|         #   Remainder dividing into n
         0=            #   Equals zero
       ·/              #   Indices where true: proper divisors
    -+´                #   Sum with initial value -n
  ·×                   #   Sign
 ¬                     #   One minus that
                ⊸⊔     # Use to group 1+↕

There might be a better solution based on taking the modulus on all pairs instead of one at a time. (¬·×-+˝(⊣×≠>|)⌜˜)⊸⊔1+↕ is close at 22 bytes.

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Japt, 11 bytes

Could be 2 bytes shorter if not for a bug in Japt when trying to get the proper divisors of a number.

õ üÈgXnXâ x

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õ üÈgXnXâ x     :Implicit input of integer U
õ               :Range [0,U]
  ü             :Group & sort
   È            :By passing each X through the following function
    g           :  Sign of difference of X and
     Xn         :    Subtract X from
       Xâ       :      All divisors of X
          x     :      Reduced by addition
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+1
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Python 3, 235 185 141 118 bytes

a=[[],[],[]]
n=1;exec("d=sum(i for i in range(1,n)if n%i<1)-n;a[[[1,2][d<0],0][d>0]]+=n,;n+=1;"*int(input()))
print(a)

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Golfed 50 bytes by @caird coinheringaahing. Golfed 44 bytes by @bastolki. Golfed another 23 bytes by @bastolki.

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[141 bytes](https://tio.run/##TY2xCsMgFEVn/QqXgI@4SLvUxvxIyaDGtA/aFzFm6NfbWCh0OdwDB256l8dKp1q9vU3X0OA... (2 comments)
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